--- title: "Automaticity, Conditioned Responding, and Habitual Checking – When the Hand Reaches Before the Mind Decides – 2026" canonical: https://scamsnow.com/automaticity-conditioned-responding-habitual-checking/ type: post author: "SCARS Editorial Team" published: 2026-09-27 modified: 2026-09-27 categories: ["Tim McGuinness PhD", "2026", "Cognitive Patterns & Thinking", "FEATURED ARTICLE", "PSYCHOLOGY", "Psychology & Trauma", "RECOVEROLOGY", "Vulnerability & Susceptibility"] summary: "" organization: "ScamsNOW.com - the Official Magazine of Scams Fraud & Cybercrime" organization_url: https://scamsnow.com/ llms: https://scamsnow.com/llms.txt --- # Automaticity, Conditioned Responding, and Habitual Checking – When the Hand Reaches Before the Mind Decides – 2026 # When the Hand Reaches Before the Mind Decides ## Cue-Triggered Automaticity, Conditioned Responding, and Habitual Checking in Scam Victimization ### Primary Category: [Psychology](https://scamsnow.com/%e2%99%a6-master-categories/psychology/) / Neurology / Recoverology ##### Author: • [Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth](https://scamsnow.com/?s=Tim+McGuinness) - Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Managing Director of the [Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.](http://www.AgainstScams.org) ##### Author Biographies Below ### About This Article Relationship-scam criminals use repeated communication, emotional attachment, manufactured crises, and intermittent reinforcement to shape a victim’s attention and behavior. Smartphones and computers become conditioned signals for affection, urgency, reassurance, danger, and relief. External cues such as notifications and internal cues such as loneliness or anxiety begin activating automatic checking before deliberate thought occurs. These learned responses continue after the scam through message monitoring, conversation review, threat surveillance, and phantom expectations of contact. Persistent checking does not demonstrate weakness or a desire to resume the fraudulent relationship. Recovery requires separating cues from habitual responses, removing intermittent rewards, changing established routines, strengthening emotional regulation, and rebuilding conscious decision-making. Repetition, awareness, environmental changes, and appropriate support gradually restore control over technology and attention. ***Note: **This article is intended for informational purposes and does not replace professional medical advice. If you are experiencing distress, please consult a qualified mental health professional.* ### Keywords Cue-Triggered Automaticity, Conditioned Responding, Habitual Checking, Intermittent Reinforcement, Relationship Scams, Attachment Surveillance, Emotional Regulation, Trauma-Driven Checking, Smartphone Conditioning, Scam Victim Recovery ## When the Hand Reaches Before the Mind Decides ## Cue-Triggered Automaticity, Conditioned Responding, and Habitual Checking in Scam Victimization ## Author’s Note Scam victims frequently describe reaching for a smartphone, opening a messaging application, or checking for contact before consciously deciding to do so. These actions deserve accurate psychological explanation rather than blame. [Repeated communication](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/repeated-communication/), attachment, emotional manipulation, manufactured crises, and unpredictable rewards condition the nervous system to treat the device as a source of safety, urgency, reassurance, and relief. Understanding this process helps victims and those supporting them recognize [habitual checking](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/habitual-checking/) as a [learned response](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/learned-response/) that requires deliberate retraining during recovery. ## Overview A relationship scam does not remain confined to conversations, financial transactions, or false promises. Through repetition, emotional intensity, attachment, and unpredictable rewards, the crime begins shaping a victim’s daily behavior. The smartphone or computer stops functioning as a neutral communication device. It becomes the doorway to affection, reassurance, fear, urgency, belonging, conflict, relief, and hope. As the manipulation continues, a victim starts reaching for the device without forming a clear conscious intention. A notification produces an immediate physical response. Silence prompts repeated checking. Waking, eating, resting, working, and preparing for sleep become connected with the criminal’s presence. The victim’s attention repeatedly returns to the device even when no message has arrived. This behavior is not gullibility, weakness, or simple carelessness. It reflects [cue-triggered automaticity](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/cue-triggered-automaticity/), [conditioned responding](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/conditioned-responding/), and habitual checking. These processes develop when repeated emotional experiences connect specific cues with familiar actions and [anticipated consequences](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/anticipated-consequences/). During the scam, the criminal trains the victim’s nervous system to monitor the relationship. After the scam ends, those learned patterns continue even though the person who created them has disappeared. ## Cue-Triggered Automaticity Cue-triggered automaticity occurs when a familiar internal or external signal activates a [learned action](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/learned-action/) with little [conscious deliberation](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/conscious-deliberation/). The action begins because repetition has connected the cue with a behavioral response. Conscious intention no longer needs to initiate every step. External cues include notification sounds, screen illumination, vibration, application icons, message previews, familiar ringtones, and the physical sight of the device. They also include environmental details surrounding repeated communication. A particular chair, room, television program, meal, time of day, or location becomes associated with receiving messages. Once the association develops, the cue activates attention and prepares the body to act. Internal cues carry equal power. Loneliness, boredom, anxiety, anticipation, sadness, sexual desire, uncertainty, and [fear of abandonment](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/fear-of-abandonment/) trigger the impulse to check. A passing thought about the criminal activates the same response. The victim reaches for the phone because the mind has learned that contact changes the emotional state. The movement feels spontaneous because the cue activates the response before reflective thought enters the sequence. The victim becomes aware of holding the phone after the action has already started. In other moments, the victim opens an application and arrives at the conversation without remembering a deliberate decision to do so. Smartphone research describes checking as brief, repetitive behavior activated by both external circumstances and internal states. Repetition strengthens the connection between cues and actions until checking becomes increasingly automatic. ## Conditioned Responding Conditioned responding develops when the nervous system learns that one event predicts another. During a relationship scam, the device predicts emotionally significant contact. The notification does not remain a simple sound. It signals the possible arrival of love, attention, danger, reassurance, conflict, or an emergency. The criminal builds these associations deliberately or through the established practices of the scam. Morning greetings create a waking ritual. Goodnight messages connect the criminal with sleep and [emotional closure](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/emotional-closure/). Midday check-ins establish an expectation of continued presence. Repeated declarations of affection teach the victim to associate the device with attachment and emotional safety. Crisis messages create a different conditioning process. A notification predicts illness, arrest, travel problems, business failure, threats, or another [manufactured catastrophe](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/manufactured-catastrophe/). The victim learns to respond quickly because delay appears dangerous. The criminal rewards immediate compliance with gratitude, affection, or temporary relief. The nervous system begins treating every message as potentially urgent. Silence also becomes a [conditioned stimulus](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/conditioned-stimulus/). When the criminal withdraws attention after disagreement, questioning, or refusal, the absence of contact creates distress. The victim starts checking the phone to determine whether the relationship remains intact. Silence no longer represents nothing. It represents possible abandonment, punishment, danger, or loss. This conditioning explains why a victim repeatedly checks a device without receiving an alert. The nervous system does not wait for a notification. It responds to the possibility of one. ## Habitual Checking Habitual checking forms through repetition. A cue appears, the victim reaches for the device, checks the conversation, and experiences an outcome. The outcome includes a message, no message, affection, conflict, relief, fear, or another reason to continue monitoring. Each repetition strengthens the [behavioral pathway](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/behavioral-pathway/). Unlocking the phone, opening the application, locating the conversation, and scanning for new messages become one fluid sequence. The steps require less attention as the habit develops. The person completes them rapidly and automatically. The habit expands beyond the original conversation. A victim checks whether the criminal is online, reviews earlier messages, searches photographs, watches activity indicators, examines social media profiles, and rereads promises. Each action becomes part of the larger monitoring system. Habitual checking also creates [attentional capture](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/attentional-capture/). The victim’s attention repeatedly shifts away from work, family, sleep, meals, hobbies, and ordinary responsibilities. The device remains mentally present even when physically out of sight. Part of the victim’s attention continues waiting for contact. The behavior does not require constant enjoyment. Habits continue after the reward loses its pleasure. A victim checks while feeling frightened, exhausted, ashamed, or angry because the action has become the established response to [emotional activation](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/emotional-activation/). ## Intermittent Reinforcement [Intermittent reinforcement](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/intermittent-reinforcement/) strengthens habitual checking because the reward arrives unpredictably. A criminal does not provide affection, reassurance, or attention at a stable and dependable rate. Contact fluctuates. Warmth alternates with distance. Promises alternate with disappointment. Relief alternates with crisis. An [unpredictable reward](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/unpredictable-reward/) creates persistent monitoring. A victim never knows when the next loving message, apology, photograph, promise, or declaration of commitment will arrive. Every check holds the possibility of emotional reward. The absence of a reward does not end the behavior. It increases anticipation. The same process appears when the criminal creates repeated crises. One message brings panic. The next brings reassurance. Another introduces a new obstacle. A later message promises that the ordeal will soon end. The victim remains engaged because each communication appears capable of changing the situation. Smartphone research connects intermittent reinforcement with the development of repeated checking habits. In a scam, the reinforcement carries far greater emotional significance than ordinary digital engagement because the victim believes that a loved person, shared future, financial investment, or life-changing outcome depends upon continued attention. ## Attachment and the Monitoring System Attachment gives the checking behavior its emotional force. Once a victim experiences the criminal as an [attachment figure](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/attachment-figure/), communication becomes connected with safety, belonging, and emotional regulation. Contact reassures the victim that the relationship still exists. Silence threatens that security. The victim starts monitoring the criminal’s availability, mood, health, and circumstances. A delayed response triggers concern. An unusual message creates fear. A change in tone prompts analysis. The victim studies punctuation, greetings, response times, and expressions of affection for evidence about the state of the relationship. This monitoring does not reflect idle curiosity. It functions as [attachment surveillance](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/attachment-surveillance/). The victim tries to maintain proximity to a person experienced as emotionally important. Digital communication becomes the only available form of proximity, so the device carries the entire weight of the relationship. The criminal exploits this system by controlling access. Attention becomes a reward. Silence becomes punishment. Urgency becomes a command. Reassurance becomes relief. The victim’s checking behavior grows stronger because the criminal controls both distress and its temporary resolution. ## Emotional Regulation Through Contact Checking and messaging also become methods of emotional regulation. A victim feels anxious, reaches for the phone, and seeks contact. A response from the criminal reduces uncertainty or loneliness. The reduction in distress reinforces the behavior. This process creates [negative reinforcement](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/negative-reinforcement/). The word negative refers to the removal of an unpleasant state, not to punishment. The action becomes more likely because it reduces anxiety, fear, sadness, or emotional tension. The relief remains temporary. The criminal introduces another crisis, delay, inconsistency, or demand. Distress rises again, and the victim returns to the device. The cycle repeatedly teaches the nervous system that contact provides the fastest available path to relief. The device gradually becomes an [emotional regulator](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/emotional-regulator/). Instead of turning toward sleep, social connection, reflection, exercise, or other stabilizing activities, the victim turns toward the criminal. The behavior narrows the victim’s emotional world and strengthens dependency upon the source of manipulation. ## The Illusion of Conscious Choice A victim still performs the physical actions involved in checking and messaging, but conscious awareness does not govern every step. Repetition transfers much of the sequence into [automatic behavior](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/automatic-behavior/). The victim experiences the action as an urge, a need, or something already underway. This creates misunderstanding after discovery. Family members see repeated messages and conclude that the victim freely chose every interaction after careful consideration. They interpret frequency as enthusiasm and persistence as informed consent. That interpretation ignores the conditioning, attachment, emotional pressure, and automaticity shaping the behavior. The behavior remains purposeful, but its purpose has been constructed inside the scam. The victim checks to preserve attachment, prevent catastrophe, reduce distress, receive reassurance, or maintain the shared future. The criminal defines the emotional meaning of the action. Broader [ideomotor theory](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/ideomotor-theory/) helps explain how imagining an anticipated effect activates an associated movement. Thinking about a reply or imagining the relief of contact primes the action of reaching for the device. Research connects ideomotor action with anticipated sensory consequences, particularly when familiar actions produce rapid effects. However, the full behavioral sequence involves conditioned habits, attachment, reinforcement, and [goal-directed action](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/goal-directed-action/) rather than the classic ideomotor phenomenon alone. ## What Happens After the Scam Ends Ending the scam does not immediately erase the learned behavior. The criminal disappears, but the cues remain. The phone still sits beside the bed. The application still exists. The familiar time of day still arrives. Loneliness, anxiety, and grief still activate the urge to check. A victim reaches for the phone upon waking and then remembers that no morning message will come. The hand moves toward the device during a familiar television program or meal. A notification from another person produces a surge of anticipation followed by disappointment. Silence feels unusually heavy because it once carried relational meaning. The victim also checks blocked-message folders, archived conversations, spam folders, email accounts, social media profiles, and unfamiliar numbers. The stated purpose involves safety, evidence, or curiosity, but the behavior also continues the established monitoring pattern. Each check preserves a small connection with the former [relational system](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/relational-system/). Some victims repeatedly review old messages. They search for proof, warning signs, contradictions, and evidence that some portion of the relationship was genuine. This review serves a cognitive purpose because the victim must reconstruct reality. It also reactivates the conditioned emotional system when performed compulsively and without limits. Others search for the criminal across platforms. They examine stolen photographs, aliases, phone numbers, and social media accounts. Reporting and [evidence preservation](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/evidence-preservation/) serve legitimate purposes, but endless searching continues the behavioral bond by keeping the criminal at the center of attention. ## Phantom Contact and Expectation After repeated communication, the nervous system continues expecting contact. A victim senses a vibration that did not occur, misinterprets an ordinary sound as a notification, or experiences a sudden conviction that a message has arrived. These experiences reflect [heightened attention](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/heightened-attention/) and [learned expectancy](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/learned-expectancy/) rather than evidence of actual communication. The expectation becomes strongest during the times and situations previously associated with contact. Evenings feel empty because they once contained long conversations. Weekends trigger unease because the criminal followed a particular communication pattern. Anniversaries, birthdays, and promised travel dates activate anticipation and grief. The victim does not simply miss a person. The victim experiences the collapse of a [behavioral structure](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/behavioral-structure/) that organized daily attention, emotion, and time. The absence leaves countless cues without their expected outcome. ## Trauma-Driven Checking After Discovery Discovery introduces new reasons for compulsive monitoring. A victim fears that the criminal will return, publish private information, steal an identity, access an account, contact family members, or use another persona. Checking shifts from attachment surveillance to [threat surveillance](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/threat-surveillance/). [Hypervigilance](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/hypervigilance/) directs attention toward unfamiliar numbers, friend requests, emails, financial accounts, credit reports, and login notifications. [Security monitoring](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/security-monitoring/) serves an important protective function immediately after the crime. It becomes harmful when the nervous system treats every ordinary event as evidence of renewed danger. A victim may repeatedly verify that an account remains blocked or that money has not disappeared. The check produces short-lived relief, which reinforces another checking cycle. Anxiety returns, prompting another verification. The behavior now protects against fear rather than preserving the relationship, but the same reinforcement mechanism remains active. ## Shame and Secret Checking Shame drives the behavior underground. A victim understands that family members or support providers expect complete separation, yet the urge to check remains. The victim looks at old messages or searches for the criminal in secret and then interprets the behavior as evidence of weakness or continuing love. [Secret checking](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/secret-checking/) increases shame because it divides public recovery from private behavior. The victim begins hiding actions again, recreating a pattern established during the scam. Secrecy also prevents accurate discussion of the habit with a therapist or support provider. The urge does not prove that the victim wants the crime to resume. It proves that the nervous system learned a powerful routine. Recovery requires bringing the behavior into awareness without treating it as a moral failure. ## Relearning Deliberate Action Recovery involves separating cues from automatic responses. A notification must become a neutral signal again. Silence must lose its meaning as abandonment or danger. The phone must return to its proper role as a tool rather than an [emotional command center](https://scamsnow.com/glossary-term/emotional-command-center/). This change requires repetition. A victim learns to notice the impulse before acting, identify the cue, name the expected reward, and choose a different response. The space between urge and action gradually expands. Conscious decision-making returns to the sequence. Environmental changes support this process. Removing archived conversations, changing notification sounds, moving applications, altering routines, and keeping the device away from the bed disrupt familiar cue-response patterns. Blocking the criminal removes the possibility of intermittent reward. Preserving necessary evidence in a secure location allows the victim to stop carrying the entire crime inside the daily communication environment. Emotional regulation must also move away from the criminal and the device. Supportive human contact, structured recovery education, professional guidance, sleep, movement, journaling, and predictable routines provide alternative responses to distress. These practices do not merely distract from the urge. They teach the nervous system that safety and relief exist outside the former relationship. ## Rebuilding Without Self-Condemnation A victim who automatically reaches for the phone has not failed at recovery. The behavior represents the persistence of learning. The same nervous system that acquired the pattern also acquires new patterns through repetition, awareness, boundaries, and support. Self-condemnation strengthens distress, and distress activates the urge to check. Compassionate accuracy interrupts that cycle. A victim acknowledges the behavior without excusing harmful choices and examines it without turning it into proof of defective character. The central truth remains clear. A criminal repeatedly paired communication with attachment, urgency, fear, reward, and emotional relief. The victim’s nervous system learned to respond. After the crime, recovery requires unlearning that response and rebuilding deliberate control. ## Review Cue-triggered automaticity, conditioned responding, and habitual checking explain why communication with a relationship-scam criminal begins to feel immediate, necessary, and automatic. The behavior develops through repetition, attachment, emotional regulation, intermittent reinforcement, and the criminal’s control over contact. The smartphone or computer becomes more than a device. It becomes the central instrument through which the victim experiences connection, danger, hope, and relief. When the scam ends, the behavioral system does not disappear with the criminal. Familiar cues continue activating old responses. A victim checks for messages, searches for the criminal, reviews past conversations, or monitors for renewed danger. These actions reflect learned pathways and trauma-driven vigilance rather than stupidity, moral weakness, or a secret desire to remain victimized. Recovery restores conscious choice by breaking the connection between cues and automatic action. It changes the environment, removes intermittent rewards, strengthens emotional regulation, and creates new routines. The process requires patience because the behavior developed through hundreds or thousands of repetitions. Understanding the mechanism replaces shame with responsibility. A victim did not choose to have the nervous system conditioned by a criminal. A victim does choose to recognize the pattern, accept support, and practice a different response. Each deliberate pause weakens the old pathway. Each new action strengthens a life no longer organized around the criminal’s messages. ## Conclusion Cue-triggered automaticity, conditioned responding, and habitual checking reveal how deeply a relationship scam enters a victim’s daily life. The criminal does not merely occupy conversations. Through repetition, emotional intensity, attachment, urgency, and intermittent reinforcement, the criminal shapes attention, routines, expectations, and physical behavior. A smartphone or computer becomes associated with affection, danger, reassurance, conflict, and relief. Reaching for the device gradually shifts from a considered choice into a learned response activated by external and internal cues. The end of the scam does not immediately remove this conditioning. Notification sounds, silence, familiar routines, loneliness, fear, and certain times of day continue activating the urge to check. Some victims revisit old conversations, search for the criminal, monitor blocked accounts, or repeatedly inspect financial and security information. These actions do not prove gullibility, weakness, or a desire to resume the fraudulent relationship. They demonstrate that the nervous system continues following patterns built through extensive repetition and emotional reinforcement. Recovery requires more than deleting an application or deciding to stop checking. A victim must separate old cues from automatic responses, remove opportunities for intermittent reward, change familiar routines, and develop new methods of emotional regulation. Each deliberate pause restores conscious choice. Each new response teaches the nervous system that safety and emotional stability no longer depend upon the criminal or the device. Accurate understanding removes unnecessary shame while preserving responsibility for recovery. A victim did not choose the conditioning imposed through manipulation. A victim does choose to recognize the pattern, accept support, practice new behaviors, and rebuild a life in which technology serves as a tool rather than an emotional command center. ## Glossary - Anticipated Consequences - Attachment Figure - Attachment Surveillance - Attentional Capture - Automatic Behavior - Behavioral Pathway - Behavioral Structure - Blocked-Message Monitoring - Conditioned Responding - Conditioned Stimulus - Conscious Deliberation - Cue-Response Pattern - Cue-Triggered Automaticity - Deliberate Action - Digital Proximity - Emotional Activation - Emotional Closure - Emotional Command Center - Emotional Regulator - Environmental Cue - Evidence Preservation - External Cue - Fear of Abandonment - Goal-Directed Action - Habitual Checking - Heightened Attention - Hypervigilance - Ideomotor Theory - Internal Cue - Intermittent Reinforcement - Learned Action - Learned Expectancy - Learned Response - Manufactured Catastrophe - Message Monitoring - Negative Reinforcement - Notification Conditioning - Phantom Contact - Predictable Routine - Proximity Seeking - Relational System - Repeated Communication - Response Priming - Secret Checking - Security Monitoring - Silence as Punishment - Smartphone Conditioning - Threat Surveillance - Unpredictable Reward - Urge-to-Check Cycle ## References - The Habitual Characteristic of Smartphone Use Under Relevant Cues Among Chinese College Students Authors: Ming Li, Jieyue Duan, Yuning Liu, Jingxin Zou, Xuesong Yang, and Hong Zeng Year: 2023 Journal: Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 14, Article 1218886 Plain-text link: [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218886](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218886) Full text: [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218886/full](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218886/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com) [org](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218886/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Habits Make Smartphone Use More Pervasive Authors: Antti Oulasvirta, Tye Rattenbury, Lingyi Ma, and Eeva Raita Year: 2012 Journal: Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, Volume 16, Issue 1, pages 105–114 Plain-text link: [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0412-2) Publication record: [https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/habits-make-smartphone-use-more-pervasive/](https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/habits-make-smartphone-use-more-pervasive/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) [aalto.fi](https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/habits-make-smartphone-use-more-pervasive/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Smartphone Addiction, Daily Interruptions and Self-Reported Productivity Authors: Éilish Duke and Christian Montag Year: 2017 Journal: Addictive Behaviors Reports, Volume 6, pages 90–95 Plain-text link: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.07.002) PubMed record: [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450241/](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29450241/?utm_source=chatgpt.com) [com](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352853217300159?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Strong Evidence for Ideomotor Theory: Unwilled Manifestation of the Conceptual Attribute in Movement Control Authors: Yun Kyoung Shin, Seonggyu Choe, and Oh-Sang Kwon Year: 2023 Journal: Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 14, Article 1066839 Plain-text link: [https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1066839](https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1066839) Full text: [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1066839/full](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1066839/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com) [org](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1066839/full?utm_source=chatgpt.com) - Too Good to Be True? 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