Understanding Scam Victim Mindsets
How Scam Victim Thinking Shapes the Healing Process and the Five Mindsets of Scam Victims: Understanding the Psychology of Recovery
Primary Category: Scam Victim Recovery Psychology
Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends
Authors:
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
About This Article
After a scam, your mindset can become either the greatest obstacle or the strongest asset in your recovery. A comprehensive study of 16,000 scam victims identified five major post-scam mindsets—African Apologists, Minimizers, Vigilantes, Denialists, and Realists—each reflecting different ways of processing trauma. Some mindsets, like Minimization and Denial, suppress the emotional impact and slow healing. Others, like Vigilantism, channel pain into rage, which often isolates the victim further. In contrast, Realists find a balanced way forward by understanding the crime, accepting what happened, and focusing on realistic solutions.
Recognizing where you fall in this framework can help you see the psychological patterns shaping your recovery process. It allows you to confront what’s holding you back—be it denial, anger, blame, or shame—and start replacing those responses with awareness, support, and clarity. While society often fails to meet scam victims where they are, understanding these mindsets can equip you—and those supporting you—to better manage the emotional landscape of post-scam life. Healing begins not just with resources, but with the right perspective.
How Scam Victim Thinking Shapes the Healing Process and the Five Mindsets of Scam Victims: Understanding the Psychology of Recovery
When you fall victim to a scam, the aftermath can feel like a storm that upends your life, leaving you to navigate a complex landscape of emotions and decisions. The way you respond to this trauma isn’t just a reaction—it’s a reflection of your mindset, which can shape your path to recovery or prolong your suffering. Through a detailed, year-long study conducted in 2017 and 2018, researchers sampled 16,000 scam victims to identify five distinct mindset profiles: African Apologists, Minimizers, Vigilantes, Denialists, and Realists. Each mindset reveals a unique perspective on the scam experience, influencing how you process the event, seek support, and ultimately heal. In this article, we’ll explore these mindsets, their impact on your recovery journey, and how understanding them can help you find a path forward. Let’s dive into the emotional and psychological terrain of scam victims, offering insights to guide you through this challenging experience.
The Study: A Deep Dive into Victim Responses
Over the course of 2017 and 2018, a comprehensive analysis was conducted by the SCARS Institute, involving 16,000 scam victims to better understand their psychological responses after being deceived. This study identified five primary mindset profiles that categorize how victims perceive their experience, assign blame, and approach recovery. These profiles aren’t just labels—they’re windows into the diverse ways people cope with trauma, each with its own strengths and pitfalls. By examining these mindsets, you can gain a clearer picture of your own reactions and find strategies to move forward. The breakdown of victims into these categories highlights the varied emotional landscapes they navigate, offering a framework to understand your own journey or that of someone you care about.
Mindset Profiles: The Five Ways Victims Respond
African Apologists: Blaming History Over Individuals
Some victims adopt a perspective that shifts blame away from the scammers and onto broader historical and societal forces. These individuals, termed African Apologists, often believe that scammers—particularly those from African regions—are themselves victims of systemic issues like historical colonialization and ongoing global inequalities. They argue that the root cause of scamming lies in the actions of wealthier nations, which they see as perpetuating poverty and corruption in African countries. It’s not their fault—they’re just trying to survive in a world we broke, you might hear them say, reflecting a deep-seated belief that Western society bears the ultimate responsibility.
This mindset, held by about 4% of victims, often aligns with a politically liberal outlook, emphasizing systemic injustice over individual accountability. While their compassion for the broader context is notable, African Apologists can struggle to hold scammers accountable as criminals, which may hinder their ability to process their own victimization. They tend to be highly vocal, directing criticism toward governments and support systems, seeing them as part of the problem rather than potential solutions. This focus on external blame can delay personal healing, as it diverts attention from the practical steps needed to recover and protect against future scams.
Minimizers: Downplaying the Impact
If you find yourself brushing off the severity of a scam, you might fall into the Minimizer category, which accounts for 6% of victims. Minimizers are typically those who were less financially impacted—or not impacted at all—and as a result, they tend to believe that the broader effects of scams are exaggerated. They often struggle to empathize with other victims, especially those who suffered significant losses. It’s not that big of a deal—people need to stop overreacting, a Minimizer might say, reflecting a lack of understanding for the emotional toll scams can take.
This mindset can lead to negative judgment toward other victims, particularly those who struggle to accept their experience. Minimizers often project shame onto others, questioning their intelligence or self-worth rather than the act of being scammed itself. Unlike supportive questions meant to spark discussion, their critiques are harsh and demeaning, which can alienate them from the wider victim community. For Minimizers, this mindset may stem from a need to distance themselves from the vulnerability of being a victim, but it can prevent them from fully engaging with their own emotions or supporting others in their recovery.
Vigilantes: Fueled by Anger and Vengeance
For 22% of victims in 2018 – this has since reduced to about 15% in 2024. The scam triggers a profound sense of powerlessness that morphs into anger and a desire for retaliation—these are the Vigilantes. The emotional aftermath of the scam consumes them, with fear and rage dominating their thoughts. I’ll make them pay, even if it’s the last thing I do, a Vigilante might declare, channeling their frustration into a quest for vengeance. This retaliation often targets not just the scammers but also other victims, law enforcement, and support providers, as they lash out at anyone they perceive as failing them.
Vigilantes tend to engage in disruptive online behavior, forming like-minded groups where they reinforce each other’s anger. They view themselves as the only true fighters against scammers, dismissing other approaches as ineffective. It’s my way or no way, they might insist, creating a divisive dynamic that alienates those who could help. This mindset significantly delays recovery, as the focus on vengeance perpetuates their rage, often turning it into destructive hatred. Many Vigilantes refuse to report the crime, believing that authorities are useless, which further isolates them from potential support and solutions. Their actions, while driven by a desire for justice, often work against their own best interests, making healing a distant prospect.
Denialists: Avoiding the Truth
Comprising 35% of victims in 2018, it is now up to nearly 50%. Denialists struggle to accept that they were scammed, locking away the experience in an attempt to move forward without confronting it. I wasn’t scammed—I just made a mistake, they might tell themselves, refusing to acknowledge the manipulation they endured. This denial prevents them from learning from the experience, leaving them vulnerable to future scams. Recognizing your role in what happened—not to blame yourself, but to understand how you were manipulated—is a crucial step in preventing recurrence, but Denialists avoid this reflection entirely.
By refusing to accept the reality of the scam, Denialists also tend to reject assistance, as doing so would force them to face the truth. They often avoid reporting the crime for the same reason, which extends the traumatic impact and reduces their likelihood of full recovery. This mindset creates a vicious cycle: the longer they deny the scam, the more isolated they become, and the harder it is to heal. For Denialists, the path to recovery requires a willingness to confront the painful reality of their experience, a step that can be daunting but ultimately liberating.
Realists: Finding Balance and Healing
The Realist mindset, held by about 20% of victims, offers a more balanced approach to processing a scam. Realists are better equipped to analyze what happened, understanding both their role and the scammer’s criminal intent. I was manipulated, but the scammer is the one to blame, a Realist might say, placing responsibility where it belongs without mythologizing the perpetrator. They see scammers as dedicated criminals, not misunderstood victims or larger-than-life villains, which allows them to focus on practical steps toward recovery.
Realists are more likely to seek out viable support and take actionable steps, such as reporting the crime to authorities, even if not all of them do so. They also excel at advocacy, recognizing opportunities for positive change rather than resorting to vigilantism. Their balanced perspective makes them ideal mentors for other victims, as they can guide others toward healing with empathy and clarity. By focusing on realistic solutions and self-reflection, Realists tend to recover more quickly and fully, turning their experience into a source of strength rather than ongoing pain.
The Impact of Mindsets on Recovery
Your mindset after a scam plays a pivotal role in determining how you’ll recover. African Apologists, by focusing on historical blame, may struggle to take practical steps toward healing, as their energy is directed outward rather than inward. Minimizers, with their tendency to downplay the impact, risk isolating themselves and others, missing out on the emotional support needed for recovery. Vigilantes, consumed by anger, often perpetuate their trauma through a cycle of rage and alienation, making it nearly impossible to move forward. Denialists, by refusing to acknowledge the scam, extend their suffering and leave themselves vulnerable to future deception.
In contrast, Realists offer a model for recovery that balances self-awareness with accountability. They recognize the criminal’s role while also reflecting on their own actions, not to blame themselves but to learn and grow. This mindset allows them to seek support, report the crime, and advocate for change, all of which contribute to a faster and more complete recovery. Understanding where you fall among these mindsets can help you identify the barriers to your healing and take steps to overcome them, whether that means confronting denial, managing anger, or reframing your perspective on blame.
Moving Forward: Strategies for Healing
No matter which mindset you identify with, there are steps you can take to move toward recovery. If you lean toward the African Apologist mindset, try to balance your compassion for broader systemic issues with a focus on holding individual scammers accountable, which can empower you to take practical steps like securing your finances. If you’re a Minimizer, challenge yourself to empathize with others’ experiences, recognizing that the emotional impact of a scam can be just as significant as the financial one. For Vigilantes, redirecting your anger into constructive advocacy—such as educating others about scam prevention—can help break the cycle of rage and foster healing.
Denialists can benefit from small acts of acknowledgment, such as writing down what happened or confiding in a trusted friend, as a first step toward accepting the reality of the scam. Realists, already on a healthier path, can continue to build on their strengths by mentoring others and advocating for systemic changes to combat scams. Regardless of your mindset, connecting with others who have been through similar experiences can provide a sense of community and understanding, helping you feel less alone in your journey.
Societal Implications: Supporting Victims Effectively
The diversity of victim mindsets highlights the need for tailored support strategies. Law enforcement and support providers must recognize that a one-size-fits-all approach won’t work—Vigilantes may need help managing anger, while Denialists require gentle encouragement to confront their experience. Public awareness campaigns can also play a role by reducing the stigma around being a scam victim, making it easier for all victims to seek help without fear of judgment. By understanding these mindsets, society can better address the emotional and psychological needs of scam victims, fostering an environment where healing is possible for everyone.
Conclusion: Navigating the Path to Recovery
The study of scam victim mindsets reveals the complex emotional landscape you navigate after being deceived, offering valuable insights into your recovery journey. African Apologists focus on historical blame, often overlooking individual accountability, which can delay their healing. Minimizers downplay the impact of scams, projecting judgment onto others and struggling to empathize, which isolates them from support. Vigilantes are driven by anger and a desire for vengeance, often alienating those who could help and prolonging their trauma through destructive behaviors. Denialists refuse to accept the reality of the scam, extending their suffering and leaving them vulnerable to future deception. Realists offer a balanced approach, recognizing both their role and the scammer’s intent, which enables them to seek support, advocate effectively, and recover more quickly. Your mindset shapes how you process the scam, seek help, and ultimately heal, making it a critical factor in your journey. By understanding these profiles, you can identify your own mindset, address its challenges, and take steps toward recovery, whether that means confronting denial, managing anger, or embracing constructive advocacy. This framework not only helps you navigate your own path but also highlights the need for tailored support strategies to address the diverse needs of scam victims, fostering a more compassionate and effective response to this widespread issue.
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Important Information for New Scam Victims
- Please visit www.ScamVictimsSupport.org – a SCARS Website for New Scam Victims & Sextortion Victims
- SCARS Institute now offers a free recovery program at www.SCARSeducation.org
- Please visit www.ScamPsychology.org – to more fully understand the psychological concepts involved in scams and scam victim recovery
If you are looking for local trauma counselors please visit counseling.AgainstScams.org or join SCARS for our counseling/therapy benefit: membership.AgainstScams.org
If you need to speak with someone now, you can dial 988 or find phone numbers for crisis hotlines all around the world here: www.opencounseling.com/suicide-hotlines
A Question of Trust
At the SCARS Institute, we invite you to do your own research on the topics we speak about and publish, Our team investigates the subject being discussed, especially when it comes to understanding the scam victims-survivors experience. You can do Google searches but in many cases, you will have to wade through scientific papers and studies. However, remember that biases and perspectives matter and influence the outcome. Regardless, we encourage you to explore these topics as thoroughly as you can for your own awareness.
Statement About Victim Blaming
Some of our articles discuss various aspects of victims. This is both about better understanding victims (the science of victimology) and their behaviors and psychology. This helps us to educate victims/survivors about why these crimes happened and to not blame themselves, better develop recovery programs, and to help victims avoid scams in the future. At times this may sound like blaming the victim, but it does not blame scam victims, we are simply explaining the hows and whys of the experience victims have.
These articles, about the Psychology of Scams or Victim Psychology – meaning that all humans have psychological or cognitive characteristics in common that can either be exploited or work against us – help us all to understand the unique challenges victims face before, during, and after scams, fraud, or cybercrimes. These sometimes talk about some of the vulnerabilities the scammers exploit. Victims rarely have control of them or are even aware of them, until something like a scam happens and then they can learn how their mind works and how to overcome these mechanisms.
Articles like these help victims and others understand these processes and how to help prevent them from being exploited again or to help them recover more easily by understanding their post-scam behaviors. Learn more about the Psychology of Scams at www.ScamPsychology.org
SCARS Resources:
- Getting Started: ScamVictimsSupport.org
- FREE enrollment in the SCARS Institute training programs for scam victims SCARSeducation.org
- For New Victims of Relationship Scams newvictim.AgainstScams.org
- Subscribe to SCARS Newsletter newsletter.againstscams.org
- Sign up for SCARS professional support & recovery groups, visit support.AgainstScams.org
- Find competent trauma counselors or therapists, visit counseling.AgainstScams.org
- Become a SCARS Member and get free counseling benefits, visit membership.AgainstScams.org
- Report each and every crime, learn how to at reporting.AgainstScams.org
- Learn more about Scams & Scammers at RomanceScamsNOW.com and ScamsNOW.com
- Learn more about the Psychology of Scams and Scam Victims: ScamPsychology.org
- Self-Help Books for Scam Victims are at shop.AgainstScams.org
- Worldwide Crisis Hotlines: International Suicide Hotlines – OpenCounseling : OpenCounseling
- Campaign To End Scam Victim Blaming – 2024 (scamsnow.com)
Psychology Disclaimer:
All articles about psychology and the human brain on this website are for information & education only
The information provided in this and other SCARS articles are intended for educational and self-help purposes only and should not be construed as a substitute for professional therapy or counseling.
Note about Mindfulness: Mindfulness practices have the potential to create psychological distress for some individuals. Please consult a mental health professional or experienced meditation instructor for guidance should you encounter difficulties.
While any self-help techniques outlined herein may be beneficial for scam victims seeking to recover from their experience and move towards recovery, it is important to consult with a qualified mental health professional before initiating any course of action. Each individual’s experience and needs are unique, and what works for one person may not be suitable for another.
Additionally, any approach may not be appropriate for individuals with certain pre-existing mental health conditions or trauma histories. It is advisable to seek guidance from a licensed therapist or counselor who can provide personalized support, guidance, and treatment tailored to your specific needs.
If you are experiencing significant distress or emotional difficulties related to a scam or other traumatic event, please consult your doctor or mental health provider for appropriate care and support.
Also read our SCARS Institute Statement about Professional Care for Scam Victims – click here
If you are in crisis, feeling desperate, or in despair please call 988 or your local crisis hotline.
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I am so surprised that there aren’t more realists out there. It shouldn’t be that 50% of us are in denial! Thank you for the thousands of hours you put into research and writing and helping us!
You are very welcome