Cybercrime/Cybersecurity Training Has Failed!

A commentary on the state of cybercrime/cybersecurity training and helping victims avoid scams/fraud/cybercrime.

By Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Cybercrime/Cybersecurity training does not work?

Cybercrime training, also known as cybersecurity training, is a form of education that aims to teach individuals and organizations how to protect themselves against cyberattacks and other forms of online threats. But it mostly has failed.

2023-06-25T21:51:24-04:00Uncategorized|

Unseen but Devastating: The Global Urgency to Address Scams and Cybercrime – 2025

Unseen but Devastating: The Global Urgency to Address Scams and Cybercrime

The Hidden Crisis: Why Scams and Cybercrime Deserve Greater Global Attention

Primary Category: Editorial & Commentary

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Scams, fraud, and cybercrime represent the largest and most economically damaging crime category in the world, with annual losses exceeding $3-6 trillion. These crimes affect millions globally, crossing all demographics and representing the largest transfer of wealth in history.

Despite their immense impact, scams remain overshadowed by more visible yet less consequential crimes, such as immigration offenses, which dominate political and media narratives. This “visibility bias” skews public attention and policy priorities, leaving cybercrime units underfunded and enforcement efforts limited.

Dark Tetrad Personality Types (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Sadism) and Scams, Fraud, and Cybercrime – 2024

Dark Tetrad Personalities And Scams, Fraud, and Cybercrime

The Dark Tetrad Personality Types and their Impact in Scams Fraud and Cybercrime

Primary Category: Psychology of Scams

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Authors:
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist, Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The Dark Tetrad—comprising narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism—provides a framework for understanding the malicious behaviors driving some individuals engaged in scams, fraud, and cybercrime. These personality traits often underlie manipulative tactics designed to exploit, deceive, and harm victims.

While most scammers and cybercriminals operate dispassionately, treating their crimes as business ventures, Dark Tetrad personalities bring a distinct cruelty to their schemes, seeking not just financial gain but also emotional control, ego gratification, and, in some cases, sadistic pleasure from their victims’ suffering.

Price’s Law and Scam Fraud & Cybercrime Awareness Education – 2024

Price’s Law and Scam Fraud & Cybercrime Awareness Education

Applying Price’s Law to Scam Awareness: Why Anti-Scam Education Often Fails

Primary Category: Advocacy and Policy

Authors:
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist, Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

While Price’s Law highlights the limitations of broad anti-scam awareness campaigns, understanding this phenomenon can help refine and improve educational efforts.

By focusing on the highly engaged minority and creating more targeted, compelling content, organizations can increase the chances of success in their fight against scams and fraud. Though the majority may not engage meaningfully, leveraging the power of the informed few can drive significant change.

United Nations: Member States Finalize a New Global Cybercrime Convention – August 8 2024

After three years of work, the committee established by the UN General Assembly to negotiate a new convention on cybercrime agreed today on a draft convention text.

Primary Category: Government / Regulatory

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• United Nations

About This Article

The United Nations has finalized a draft of a new global cybercrime convention, marking a significant milestone after three years of negotiations by a committee established by the UN General Assembly.

Expected to be adopted later this year, this convention will become the first globally binding legal instrument on cybercrime, addressing the rapidly growing threats in cyberspace. The convention represents the first multilateral anti-crime treaty in over two decades and has been developed with the input of various stakeholders, including civil society, academia, and the private sector.

Amazon & Global Cyber Alliance Launches CyberFlex to Help Young Adults Avoid Scams and Cybercrime – 2024

Amazon & Global Cyber Alliance Launches CyberFlex to Help Young Adults Avoid Scams and Cybercrime

Creating Better Tools to Help Teens & Young Adults to Stay Safe Online

Primary Category: Scam Victim Advocacy

Author:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The Global Cyber Alliance (GCA) and Amazon announced the launch of CyberFlex.org, an innovative website designed to help 18- to 25-year-olds avoid scams and cybercrimes.

CyberFlex.org offers targeted information, free tools, interactive guides, and text alerts to prevent, mitigate, report, and recover from scams and other cyber risks.

By raising awareness and shifting attitudes about online threats, CyberFlex.org provides young adults with practical steps to protect themselves and share their experiences.

Europol’s Operation ENDGAME Strikes At Heart Of Cybercrime’s Botnet Universe – 2024

Europol’s Operation ENDGAME Strikes At Heart Of Cybercrime’s Botnet Universe

Europol and Partners Take Down Another Major Botnet Cybercrime Organization

Primary Category: Cybercrime

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Europol

About This Article

Europol’s largest-ever operation against botnets, dubbed Operation Endgame, targeted malware droppers like IcedID, SystemBC, Pikabot, Smokeloader, and Bumblebee. Coordinated from Europol’s headquarters between May 27 and 29, 2024, the operation aimed to disrupt criminal services by arresting high-value targets, taking down criminal infrastructures, and freezing illegal proceeds.

The multinational effort, involving countries such as France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States, led to four arrests, 16 location searches, and the takedown of over 100 servers. This operation, supported by Eurojust and various private partners, addressed the complex challenge of international cybercrime, highlighting the critical role of botnets in deploying ransomware.

SCARS Is Changing The Way Ghana West Africa Thinks About Scams Fraud & Cybercrime – April 2024

SCARS is Changing the way Ghana West Africa thinks about Scams Fraud & Cybercrime

SCARS Director Dr. Tim McGuinness was presenting to the Ghana Police Service Academy on April 15th, 2024

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Portions from the Ghana Internet Safety Foundation

About This Article

The ePolice Academy 2024 International Edition, a collaborative initiative by the Ghana Police Service and the Ghana Internet Safety Foundation, recently concluded with resounding success in Sunyani, Ghana.

The event, held at Sheila’s Executive Hotel, gathered cybersecurity experts and law enforcement officers to explore the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in cyber forensic investigations and enhance online safety. Key speakers like Dr. Edward Danso Ansong, Dr. Isaac Tweneboah-Koduah, and Dr. Tim McGuinness of SCARS provided invaluable insights into AI’s role in cybersecurity and the impact of cybercrime on victims.

7 Chinese Hackers Indicted In U.S. Court For Cybercrime – 2024

7 Chinese Hackers Indicted In U.S. Court

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• United States Department of Justice

About This Article

In a significant development, seven Chinese hackers, associated with the Chinese government and operating under the APT31 cybercrime and hacking group, have been indicted for their involvement in a sophisticated cybercrime scheme targeting perceived critics of China, U.S. businesses, and politicians.

The indictment, unsealed recently, charges the individuals with conspiracy to commit computer intrusions and wire fraud, highlighting their role in cyber espionage, economic espionage, and foreign intelligence activities.

Ransomware – Ukraine Gets Serious About Combatting Homegrown Cybercrime 2023

Ukraine Gets Serious About Combatting Homegrown Cybercrime

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc., and
• EUROPOL

Dismantlement Of Ransomware Group In Ukraine Amidst Ongoing War – An International Collaboration Success

The Ukraine ransomware gang is behind high-profile attacks that created losses of hundreds of millions of euros

In an unprecedented effort, law enforcement and judicial authorities from seven countries have joined forces with Europol and Eurojust to dismantle and apprehend in Ukraine the key figures behind significant ransomware operations wreaking havoc across the world. The operation comes at a critical time, as the country grapples with the challenges of Russia’s military aggression against its territory.

Hamas & Cybercrime – An Overview

By SCARS Editorial Team/SCARS Analytics Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

The Terrorist Organization Hamas Is Massively Involved In Cybercrime & Scams – To Fund Their Activities And To Disrupt Their Enemies!

Hamas is a Palestinian Sunni-Islamist militant and political organization that has a social service wing, Dawah that is massively involved in cybercrime. It has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United States, the European Union, Canada, Japan, and Israel.

2023-10-11T17:09:30-04:00Uncategorized|

Police Chiefs & Sheriffs: Use GoFundMe To Raise Money To Fight Cybercrime, Scams, And Fraud

Police Chiefs & Sheriffs: Use GoFundMe To Raise Money To Fight Cybercrime, Scams, And Fraud – And Obtain Tools & Training

By Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

The Fight Against Cybercrime Is As Much A Local Fight As a National Or International Fight

Local police & sheriff departments are the first responders for their citizens, but in the war against cybercrime, most of them have thrown up their hands and told their citizens there is nothing they can do!

But there is very much they can do, especially when it comes to tracing and recovering the money!

However, local police need financial support to get the tools, training, and even personnel needed to do the job well.

2023-06-25T18:40:09-04:00Uncategorized|

The Cost Of Global Cybercrime

By Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Cybercrime is Costing Every Person on this Planet $750 per Year!

CONSIDER: Global Cybercrime Is Above USD$6 Trillion Dollars Per Year Now!

That Is $6 Trillion Dollars A Year in costs just from cybercrime! It Will Soon Pass $8 Trillion (According To Some Estimates).

Cybercrime is costing more than the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of 8 of the top 10 economies in the world!

2023-06-25T21:50:49-04:00Uncategorized|

The Importance Of Taxonomies In Understanding Scams Fraud & Cybercrimes – 2023

The Importance Of Taxonomies In Understanding Scams Fraud & Cybercrimes

Criminology

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Article Abstract

The article delineates the paramount significance of taxonomies in criminology, cybersecurity, fraud prevention, and law enforcement, emphasizing their role in creating unified frameworks for understanding criminal behavior.

SCARS Editorial Team2024-01-10T14:50:02-05:00• CRIMINOLOGY, 2023, ARTICLE, Tim McGuinness PhD|

Overton’s Window – a Commentary on the Acceptance of Criminality and Scams in our Society and World – 2025

Overton’s Window – a Commentary on the Acceptance of Criminality and Scams in our Society and World

A Critical Analysis of the Current Trends in Society and Politics of Accepting Criminality as Acceptable and Normal

Primary Category: Sociology

Intended Audience: General Public

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The Overton Window, as applied to scams and public tolerance for criminality, reveals a disturbing shift in societal norms. What was once seen as unequivocal fraud is now increasingly viewed through softened lenses, described as misunderstandings, clever tactics, or inevitable risks of digital life. Cultural, institutional, and political forces are collectively reshaping how deception is perceived, diminishing the stigma once attached to scams and emboldening perpetrators. This shift not only harms individual victims but erodes the foundations of justice, accountability, and social trust.

Acknowledging The Harm Done – 2025

Acknowledging The Harm Done

How Scam Victims Can Unwittingly Harm Themselves and Others

Primary Category: Scam Victim Recovery Psychology

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
—
Originally Published on RomanceScamsNOW.com on Jun 19, 2023 – Major Update May 5, 2025

About This Article

Scam victims are often manipulated so thoroughly that they unwittingly engage in behavior that harms both themselves and others. This harm may include lying to family and friends, deceiving financial institutions, concealing financial losses, justifying suspicious behavior, and isolating themselves from their support network. In some cases, victims may even steal shared funds or unknowingly support criminal enterprises through their financial actions. These behaviors, while not malicious, are often driven by fear, shame, and psychological manipulation. Left unacknowledged, they contribute to lingering guilt, relationship breakdowns, and emotional distress that can stall recovery.

The Keres and Cybercriminals: New Monsters in Our World – 2025

The Keres and Cybercriminals: An Essay on the New Monsters in Our World

Keres: Ancient Harbingers of Death Meet Modern Digital Predators (Hackers, Fraudsters, and Scammers)

Primary Category: Philosophy of Scams

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The Keres of Greek mythology were dark-winged spirits who sought out the wounded on ancient battlefields, delivering violent, dishonorable death with ruthless precision. Today, their legacy lives on in cybercriminals, scammers, and digital predators who operate in secrecy and prey on vulnerability. Just like the Keres, modern attackers do not strike the strong—they target the grieving, the lonely, and the emotionally exposed. Both figures move invisibly, strike without warning, and leave ruin in their wake. Understanding this parallel reframes cybercrime not as random misfortune, but as a modern version of an ancient pattern. By studying how the Keres behaved and how ancient cultures resisted them, you can begin to see that awareness, education, and open dialogue are your defenses. The scammer, like the Keres, feeds on shame and silence. When you speak, learn, and prepare, you deny them their power—and reclaim your own.

SCARS Law™ – Murphy’s Law – and Other Rules About When Things Go Wrong! – 2025

SCARS Law™ – Murphy’s Law – and Other Rules About When Things Go Wrong!

If Something Can Go Wrong, It Will – Murphy’s Law, Murphy was an Optimist!

Primary Category: Philosophy of Scams

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Recognizing the many “laws” that apply to scams, scammers, and their victims offers a practical roadmap for daily life and recovery. From Murphy’s Law to the SCARS Trust Rebuilding Rule, each principle highlights how scams exploit human nature, emotional vulnerabilities, and system weaknesses. Understanding that anything which can go wrong often will, that urgency signals danger, that isolation magnifies vulnerability, and that scammers prey on dreams rather than just fears, gives individuals the tools to slow down, question illusions, and protect themselves more wisely.

The Call of the Void – L’appel du Vide – A Strange Mental State – 2025

The Call of the Void – L’appel du Vide – A Strange Mental State

The Subtle Mental Voice to Jump Off the Cliff and Its Impact on Scam Victims

Primary Category: Scam Victim Recovery Psychology

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends

Authors:
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist, Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The phrase l’appel du vide—“the call of the void”—describes a fleeting yet haunting impulse to leap into danger, not from a desire to die, but from a sudden confrontation with one’s own vulnerability. For scam victims, this metaphor resonates deeply. After the collapse of trust, identity, and security, many victims find themselves peering into their own emotional abyss, overwhelmed by intrusive thoughts, shame, and the desire to retreat from life altogether.

The trauma of being deceived by someone you trusted can echo that same chilling moment on the cliff’s edge: the ground feels unstable, and nothing feels safe. Yet, just as most people step back from the literal edge, victims too can recover—by confronting their emotions, rejecting the seductive pull of despair, and reclaiming their agency.

Systemic Support & Advocacy Failures Deepen the Trauma of Scam Victims – 2025

Systemic Support & Advocacy Failures Deepen the Trauma of Scam Victims

The Aftermath of Deception for Scam Victims Worldwide

Primary Category: Scam Victim Advocacy

Intended Audience: General Public

Author:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Scam victims around the world are not only devastated by the initial betrayal of fraud but are often retraumatized by the very systems meant to help them. In many cases, the emotional pain and shame of the experience are made worse by public judgment, inaccessible victim services, and a lack of coordinated legal or emotional support. While scammers exploit trust with devastating effect, it is the systemic failures—from underfunded victim assistance programs to indifferent societal attitudes—that deepen the wound and delay healing. Victims suffer in silence, shamed by stigma and abandoned by institutions unprepared for the scale of modern fraud.

Complacency and Dependence on Luxury Fuels Vulnerability in Scam Victims – 2025

Complacency and Dependence on Luxury Fuels Vulnerability in Scam Victims

The Allure of Comfort: How Societal Complacency Fuels Vulnerability to Scams and Cybercrime

Primary Category: Psychology of Scams

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

There is a direct line between Tacitus’s ancient warnings about luxury-induced complacency and today’s public indifference toward scams and cybercrime. In a world saturated with comfort, convenience, and digital ease, many people have become so accustomed to their lifestyle that they fail to recognize or prepare for the threats that surround them. Just as Tacitus observed how the Roman Empire lulled conquered populations into submission through luxuries disguised as civilization, modern individuals are lulled into vulnerability through overconfidence, digital dependency, and a false sense of security.

The rise of cybercrime, particularly during global disruptions like the COVID-19 pandemic, has revealed how quickly attackers can exploit not only technology, but also human complacency. Emotional comfort and material ease create blind spots—making people less likely to report fraud, question suspicious activity, or take protective action. But this complacency can be overcome. Awareness, education, collaboration, and renewed commitment to personal vigilance are necessary to interrupt the cycle.

INTERPOL Operation Red Card Arrests Hundreds in Africa – 2025

INTERPOL Operation Red Card Arrests Hundreds in Africa

More than 300 arrests as African Countries Clamp Down on Cyber Threats

Primary Category: Crimes & Criminals

Intended Audience: General Public / Others

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Portions from INTERPOL

About This Article

INTERPOL’s Operation Red Card, conducted between November 2024 and February 2025, led to 306 arrests across seven African countries as authorities cracked down on cyber-enabled scams involving banking, investment, and messaging apps. With over 5,000 victims identified, the coordinated effort targeted cross-border criminal networks causing widespread financial and emotional harm.

Notable actions included Nigeria’s arrest of 130 individuals, including 113 foreign nationals tied to scam centers potentially linked to human trafficking, and South Africa’s dismantling of a large SIM box fraud operation. Zambia uncovered a malware-based phone hacking syndicate, while Rwandan authorities disrupted social engineering scams that defrauded victims of over $305,000 in 2024.

U.S. Romance Scam Prevention Act – Nice Try – No Cigar! 2025

U.S. Romance Scam Prevention Act – Nice Try – No Cigar!

U.S. Senate Bill S.841 – Romance Scam Prevention Act – 119th Congress (2025-2026)

Primary Category: Laws & Regulations

Intended Audience: General Public

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The Romance Scam Prevention Act (S. 841) aims to reduce romance scams by requiring online dating platforms to notify users when they have interacted with banned members suspected of fraudulent activity. While this approach enhances transparency, it is largely reactive and does not mandate proactive scam prevention measures such as identity verification or fraud detection.

The law does not penalize scammers directly, lacks cross-platform data sharing, and provides liability protections for dating services. Its effectiveness depends on user responsiveness and platform enforcement, making elimination of romance scams unlikely. While some reduction in scam losses may occur, systemic vulnerabilities remain unaddressed.

Criminal Dominion: The Political Power of Crime and the State’s Role in Perpetual Victimhood – An Essay – 2025

Criminal Dominion: The Political Power of Crime and the State’s Role in Perpetual Victimhood – An Essay

Crime as an Act of Political Power: Criminals, Victims, and the Complicity of Politicians

Primary Category: Sociology & Political Science // Editorial

Intended Audience: General Public

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

An Essay: Crime is an act of political power, where criminals assert dominance over victims, reshaping social hierarchies through coercion, as Mark Haugaard notes, defining power as “dominating.” From street gangs to cybercriminals, offenders govern—levying taxes, enforcing rules, or exploiting digital vulnerabilities—often more effectively than the state, per Ana Arjona’s findings. Victims, stripped of agency, retreat into “low-intensity citizenship,” as Sabrina Karim observes, their subjugation deepened by violence’s productive nature, per Stathis Kalyvas.

DARVO – Projection and the Criminal Mindset – Why the Corrupt Blame the Victims – 2025

Projection and the Criminal Mindset – Why the Corrupt Blame the Victims

It is Very Common for Criminals and the Corrupt to Blame the People that they Victimized, and Make Themselves Out to Be the Victims! This Technique is Known as DARVO!

Primary Category: Psychology of Scams

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Criminals and corrupt individuals often engage in psychological manipulation tactics, most notably DARVO—Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender—to evade accountability and shift blame onto their victims. This behavior is rooted in psychological projection, a defense mechanism where wrongdoers attribute their own immoral actions to others to maintain a sense of innocence.

By accusing victims of being at fault, perpetrators create confusion, manipulate public perception, and avoid legal or social consequences. Jordan B. Peterson has explored these tendencies, emphasizing that many offenders lack self-awareness, rationalize their behavior, and genuinely believe in the guilt of their victims. This cognitive distortion allows them to escape internal moral conflict, reinforcing their criminal actions.

Fake IDs are an Ever-Increasing Threat and Massively Contribute to All Forms of Scams and Fraud – 2025

Fake IDs are an Ever-Increasing Threat and Massively Contribute to All Forms of Scams and Fraud

The Underground Market for Counterfeit Identification (Fake IDs) is Surging in Sophistication, a Significant Challenge to Law Enforcement and Public Safety

Primary Category: Criminology

Intended Audience: General Public

Author:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The underground market for counterfeit identification has evolved into a sophisticated industry, posing a major challenge to law enforcement and public safety. High-quality fake IDs now incorporate advanced security features such as holograms, barcodes, and laser engravings, allowing criminals to bypass verification systems. The rise of state policies granting driver’s licenses to undocumented immigrants has further complicated identity verification, while the REAL ID Act has driven demand for counterfeit documents.

Beyond traditional fraud, fake IDs are widely used in online scams, enabling cybercriminals to create fraudulent accounts, launder money, and deceive victims through fake personas on dating platforms, financial institutions, and e-commerce sites. With the dark web fueling access to these forgeries, AI-driven verification and biometric security measures are increasingly critical in combating identity fraud and protecting victims from deception.

Other Victims & Advocates Personality Dangers to Scam Victims – Including Main Character Syndrome – 2025

Victim & Advocate Personality Dangers to Scam Victims – Including Main Character Syndrome

Main Character Syndrome and the Dangers to Victims Around Them – Avoiding Entanglement with Dangerous Advocates and Other Victims

Primary Category: Scam Victim Recovery Psychology

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Authors:
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Navigating the Challenges of Dangerous Personality Types, such as Main Character Syndrome and Pathological Lying in Victims’ Advocacy

Victims of scams or crimes often face profound psychological challenges, including trauma responses that may lead to behaviors such as exaggeration, pathological lying, or the emergence of traits linked to “Main Character Syndrome.” While these behaviors can complicate the victim’s recovery journey, they are often rooted in deep emotional and psychological pain, not malice. This highlights the need for compassion, understanding, and appropriate boundaries in advocacy.

Theory of Capabilities and Scam Victims – 2025

Theory of Capabilities and Scam Victims

Rebuilding Lives: Applying Nussbaum’s Theory of Capabilities Approach to Scam Victim Recovery

Primary Category: Scam Victim Recovery Psychology

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Authors:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Based, in part, on the work of Martha Nussbaum

About This Article

Martha Nussbaum’s Capability Approach offers a powerful and human-centered framework for understanding and facilitating the recovery of scam victims. Unlike traditional recovery models that focus solely on financial restitution, Nussbaum’s theory emphasizes the restoration of fundamental human capabilities—those essential to living a life of dignity, autonomy, and purpose. Scams often leave victims with more than just empty bank accounts; they erode trust, shatter confidence, and create deep emotional scars that hinder victims’ ability to engage fully with the world around them.

By addressing the psychological, emotional, and social dimensions of victimization, the Capability Approach reframes recovery as a holistic process that nurtures the victim’s overall well-being. This includes efforts to rebuild emotional resilience, enhance practical reasoning, restore personal agency, and re-establish connections with community and loved ones.

INTERPOL Operation HAECHI V – Arrests 5,500 Scammers in 40 Countries – 2024

INTERPOL Operation HAECHI V – Arrests 5,500 Scammers in 40 Countries

INTERPOL Financial Crime Operation HAECHI V Makes Record 5,500 Arrests, Seizures Worth over USD $400 million

Primary Category: Crimes and Criminals

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Portion by Interpol

About This Article

Operation HAECHI V, an extensive five-month initiative led by INTERPOL, brought together law enforcement from 40 countries to combat cyber-enabled financial crimes.

The operation, targeting frauds such as voice phishing, romance scams, and investment fraud, resulted in over 5,500 arrests and the seizure of more than USD 400 million in assets.

Notable achievements included dismantling a South Korean voice phishing syndicate responsible for USD 1.1 billion in losses and exposing a cryptocurrency fraud involving stablecoins.

BREAKING NEWS: Major INTERPOL Operation Serengeti Arrests 1,006 Criminals In 19 Countries – 2024

Breaking News: Major INTERPOL Operation Serengeti Arrests 1,006 Criminals In 19 Countries

Major INTERPOL and AFRIPOL Cybercrime Operation Serengeti Nets 1,006 Suspects

Primary Category: Crimes & Criminals

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Portions from INTERPOL

About This Article

Operation Serengeti: A Landmark Cybercrime Crackdown Across Africa: In a major collaborative effort, INTERPOL and AFRIPOL conducted Operation Serengeti from September to October 2024, resulting in the arrest of 1,006 suspects and the dismantling of 134,089 malicious infrastructures across 19 African countries. The operation targeted a range of cybercrimes, including ransomware, business email compromise (BEC), digital extortion, and online scams, as identified in the 2024 Africa Cyber Threat Assessment Report.

Continuing Communicating with the Scammers Part 2 – Stop That! – 2024

Continuing Communicating with the Scammers Part 2 – Stop That

Making the Case Why Continuing to Talk to Scammers After Discovery is a Bad Idea – Morally, Ethically, and Psychologically for Scam Victims

Part 2 : Part 1

Primary Category: Psychology of Scams

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Continuing to communicate with scammers after discovering their deception poses significant risks that extend far beyond the initial scam. This article delves into the psychological, ethical, and practical implications of such engagement, emphasizing the harm it causes to victims and the broader societal impact. Victims may believe they are regaining control or seeking closure, but prolonged interaction often deepens emotional entanglement, erodes critical thinking, and reinforces trauma. Furthermore, continuing to engage with scammers can inadvertently enable their operations by providing feedback that helps refine their tactics, posing risks to future victims.

Ask Yourself Why? Would the United States Allow Scams? 2024

Ask Yourself Why? Would the United States Allow Scams?

Because the Simple Truth is that Victims are Easier to Control – That is the lesson taught by every Real Tyrant – from Communism to Socialism

Primary Category: Editorials & Commentary

Authors:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The U.S. government’s response to escalating scams raises concerns about possible motives for allowing such widespread victimization. Despite the resources to curb fraud, Americans are losing trillions annually to scams, suggesting intentional negligence or strategic inaction.

Possible motives include using scam-related data for surveillance, securing funding for cybersecurity agencies, and avoiding regulation on Big Tech, which profits from scam-prone platforms.

Some speculate this leniency aligns with a socialist-driven agenda of informal wealth redistribution, where money flows from wealthy Americans to scammers in poorer countries.

President Trump Launches Campaign for Free Speech and to Go After Tech Industry Platforms – 2024

President Trump Launches Campaign to Go After Tech Platforms

President Donald J. Trump — Free Speech Policy Initiative and Tech Industry Regulatory Controls

Primary Category: Government Laws & Regulation

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• President Donald J. Trump

About This Article

President Trump’s speech about free speech identifies it as the foundation of a free country, and without it, other rights fall like dominoes. In response to recent revelations of censorship by tech giants, government agencies, and media groups, President Trump announced a new plan being introduced to dismantle what’s described as a “censorship regime.”

Key actions include signing an executive order to prevent federal agencies from colluding with private entities to censor lawful speech, investigating and prosecuting those involved in online censorship, and revising Section 230 to enforce standards of neutrality and transparency on digital platforms. The plan also proposes defunding any federal support for institutions engaging in censorship and instituting penalties for bureaucrats who bypass the Constitution.

A New Requirement in the UK’s Fight Against Fraud: Criminal Charges for the Failure to Prevent Fraud – 2024

A New Requirement in the UK’s Fight Against Fraud: Criminal Charges for the Failure to Prevent Fraud

The UK’s Failure to Prevent Fraud Guidance and Potential Impact on All Major Businesses in the United Kingdom – This Becomes the Game Changer in the UK’s Battle Against Scams and Fraud

Primary Category: Government Regulations

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Analysis by Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The Economic Crime and Corporate Transparency Act 2023, along with the “Failure to Prevent Fraud” guidance, sets new standards for fraud prevention in the UK’s corporate landscape. It requires large organizations to implement comprehensive fraud prevention strategies across all levels, from top-level commitment to ongoing monitoring and training.

This law is particularly relevant to the payments ecosystem, including credit card processing, as it mandates companies to adopt robust fraud controls, conduct rigorous due diligence, and establish effective reporting channels. This proactive approach not only strengthens corporate accountability but aims to protect consumers from scams and financial fraud by closing potential security gaps in the financial system.

The Bouba-Kiki Effect and the Psychology of Scam Victims – 2024

The Bouba-Kiki Effect and the Psychology of Scam Victims

Subtitle

Primary Category: Psychology of Scams

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The Bouba-Kiki effect, a phenomenon where people instinctively associate certain sounds and shapes with specific emotions, offers insight into the subtle biases that can make individuals more vulnerable to scams. Scammers leverage this natural bias by using “soft” language, friendly tones, and comforting visuals, similar to the round, gentle sounds of “Bouba.”

These cues foster a false sense of safety and trust, often leading victims to let their guard down. Throughout the scam process, these associations shape how victims perceive the scammer’s intentions, respond emotionally, and overlook red flags. Even after discovering the scam, victims may struggle with cognitive dissonance as they try to reconcile their initial feelings of trust with the reality of betrayal.

For Family & Friends of Scam Victims: Unintentional Toxic Comments to Avoid – 2024

Unintentional Toxic Comments to Avoid

The Unintentionally Toxic Comments that Friends and Family, and Advocates Make that are Toxic for Scam Victims-Survivors and That Should Be Avoided

FOR ADVOCATES, FRIENDS, AND FAMILY OF SCAM VICTIMS

Primary Category: Scam Victim Recovery Psychology

Author:
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist, Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Supporting scam victims through recovery requires sensitivity and an awareness of how certain comments can be unintentionally harmful. Statements that blame, minimize, or dismiss their experience can amplify feelings of shame, guilt, and isolation, often deepening their emotional wounds.

Phrases like “You should have known better” or “Just move on” imply a lack of understanding and invalidate their pain, making them feel as though their trauma is unworthy of compassion or attention. Overly simplistic advice, such as “Stay positive” or “Forgive and forget,” minimizes the complex emotional journey of healing, while comparison with others’ experiences can make victims feel insignificant.

Scam Victims-Survivors: Stop Consuming Artificial Sweeteners NOW for Your Trauma and Brain! – 2024

Scam Victims-Survivors: Stop Consuming Artificial Sweeteners NOW for Your Trauma and Brain!

The Role of Glucose in Brain Function and the Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Individuals with Trauma such as Scam Victims-Survivors

Primary Category: Scam Victim Recovery

Authors:
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist, Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Glucose is essential for proper brain function, particularly in supporting cognitive tasks like memory, attention, and decision-making. For individuals recovering from trauma, such as scam victims-survivors, the brain’s need for glucose becomes even more critical.

Artificial sweeteners, often used to replace sugar, fail to provide the necessary energy the brain requires, potentially exacerbating cognitive and emotional difficulties. Studies also indicate that artificial sweeteners can interfere with the brain’s reward system, contributing to mood fluctuations, impaired memory, and increased cravings, which can worsen the effects of trauma. For trauma survivors, it’s important to prioritize a balanced diet with natural glucose sources to support mental health and cognitive function while being cautious of the potential negative impacts of artificial sweeteners.

5 Simple Ways for Scam Victims-Survivors to Avoid Common Thinking (Decision-Making) Errors During Scam Recovery – 2024

5 Simple Ways for Scam Victims-Survivors to Avoid Common Thinking Errors During Scam Recovery

Helping Scam Victims-Survivors Control Their Decision Making and Biases

Primary Category:

Authors:
• Vianey Gonzalez B.Sc(Psych) – Licensed Psychologist, Specialty in Crime Victim Trauma Therapy, Neuropsychologist, Certified Deception Professional, Psychology Advisory Panel & Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Recovering from a scam is a challenging process that often involves addressing thinking errors that can impede decision-making and emotional recovery. Scam victims may fall into common traps such as cognitive biases, emotional reasoning, overconfidence, and all-or-nothing thinking, which can cloud judgment and hinder progress.

Additionally, biases like hindsight and memory distortion can lead to excessive guilt, while ignoring the role of randomness may cause victims to overanalyze events. Victims may also struggle with attributional bias, either taking too much or too little blame. To move forward, it’s important to recognize these thinking errors, seek objective feedback, and practice self-awareness.

The Matthew Principle and Scammers Getting Richer – 2024

The Matthew Principle and Scammers Getting Richer

The Economic ‘Matthew Principle’ Applies to Companies, People, and Strangely to Scammers & Victims Too!

Primary Category: Online Criminology

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The Matthew Principle, which describes how “the rich get richer and the poor get poorer,” applies not only to economics, education, and science but also to online scammers and their victims.

Successful scammers, who accumulate resources, knowledge, and connections, become increasingly effective and target larger, more vulnerable victims. As they grow, their operations scale up, making them harder to detect and stop, while victims who have already been scammed are more likely to be targeted again.

Broken Windows Theory of Policing to Reduce Online Crime – 2024

Broken Windows Theory of Policing to Reduce Online Crime

Exploring Ways that Online Platforms Have Neglected Their Users and Not Consistently Enforcement Their Own Rules

Primary Category: Online Criminology

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

The “Broken Windows” theory of policing, which emphasizes addressing minor infractions to prevent more serious crime, can be applied to combat online crime by maintaining order in digital spaces.

As online crime has surged in recent years, platforms need to focus on strict enforcement of rules against small offenses like spam, fake accounts, and minor cyber threats to prevent escalation into larger issues like identity theft, phishing, or hacking. By proactively monitoring activity, empowering users to report suspicious behavior, and fostering a secure online environment, platforms can create a culture of accountability.

Swift action against minor misconduct, collaboration with cybersecurity experts, and maintaining visible security measures can help prevent serious cybercrime and establish trust among users.

The Theory of Broken Windows in Policing Can Help With Reduce Online Crime

For the last two and a half decades, we have seen a continuous increase in online crime. The only real reductions took place in 2017 through 2019, but since then it has been growing at 70+% per year.

A theory that sheds some light on this is the ‘Broken Window’ theory of policing.

What is the Broken Windows Theory of Policing?

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Cybercrime/Cybersecurity Training Has Failed!

By Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Cybercrime/Cybersecurity training does not work?

Unseen but Devastating: The Global Urgency to Address Scams and Cybercrime

The Hidden Crisis: Why Scams and Cybercrime Deserve Greater Global Attention

Primary Category: Editorial & Commentary

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Author: • Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Dark Tetrad Personalities And Scams, Fraud, and Cybercrime

The Dark Tetrad Personality Types and their Impact in Scams Fraud and Cybercrime

Primary Category: Psychology of Scams

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

About This Article

Price’s Law and Scam Fraud & Cybercrime Awareness Education

Applying Price’s Law to Scam Awareness: Why Anti-Scam Education Often Fails

Primary Category: Advocacy and Policy

About This Article

United Nations: Member States Finalize a New Global Cybercrime Convention – August 8 2024

After three years of work, the committee established by the UN General Assembly to negotiate a new convention on cybercrime agreed today on a draft convention text.

Primary Category: Government / Regulatory

Authors: • SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc. • United Nations

About This Article

Amazon & Global Cyber Alliance Launches CyberFlex to Help Young Adults Avoid Scams and Cybercrime

Creating Better Tools to Help Teens & Young Adults to Stay Safe Online

Primary Category: Scam Victim Advocacy

Author: • SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Europol’s Operation ENDGAME Strikes At Heart Of Cybercrime’s Botnet Universe

Europol and Partners Take Down Another Major Botnet Cybercrime Organization

Primary Category: Cybercrime

Authors: • SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc. • Europol

About This Article

SCARS is Changing the way Ghana West Africa thinks about Scams Fraud & Cybercrime

SCARS Director Dr. Tim McGuinness was presenting to the Ghana Police Service Academy on April 15th, 2024

Authors: • SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc. • Portions from the Ghana Internet Safety Foundation

About This Article

7 Chinese Hackers Indicted In U.S. Court

Authors: • SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc. • United States Department of Justice

About This Article

Ukraine Gets Serious About Combatting Homegrown Cybercrime

Authors: • SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc., and • EUROPOL

Dismantlement Of Ransomware Group In Ukraine Amidst Ongoing War – An International Collaboration Success

Hamas & Cybercrime – An Overview

By SCARS Editorial Team/SCARS Analytics Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

The Terrorist Organization Hamas Is Massively Involved In Cybercrime & Scams – To Fund Their Activities And To Disrupt Their Enemies!

Police Chiefs & Sheriffs: Use GoFundMe To Raise Money To Fight Cybercrime, Scams, And Fraud – And Obtain Tools & Training

By Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

The Fight Against Cybercrime Is As Much A Local Fight As a National Or International Fight

But there is very much they can do, especially when it comes to tracing and recovering the money!

The Cost Of Global Cybercrime

By Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Cybercrime is Costing Every Person on this Planet $750 per Year!

CONSIDER: Global Cybercrime Is Above USD$6 Trillion Dollars Per Year Now!

The Importance Of Taxonomies In Understanding Scams Fraud & Cybercrimes

Criminology

Author: • Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Article Abstract

Overton’s Window – a Commentary on the Acceptance of Criminality and Scams in our Society and World

A Critical Analysis of the Current Trends in Society and Politics of Accepting Criminality as Acceptable and Normal

Primary Category: Sociology

Intended Audience: General Public

Author: • Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

Acknowledging The Harm Done

How Scam Victims Can Unwittingly Harm Themselves and Others

Primary Category: Scam Victim Recovery Psychology

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends

About This Article

The Keres and Cybercriminals: An Essay on the New Monsters in Our World

Keres: Ancient Harbingers of Death Meet Modern Digital Predators (Hackers, Fraudsters, and Scammers)

Primary Category: Philosophy of Scams

Intended Audience: Scam Victims-Survivors / Family & Friends / General Public / Others

Author: • Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

About This Article

SCARS Law™ – Murphy’s Law – and Other Rules About When Things Go Wrong!

If Something Can Go Wrong, It Will – Murphy’s Law, Murphy was an Optimist!

Primary Category: Philosophy of Scams

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• United Nations

Author:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Europol

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Portions from the Ghana Internet Safety Foundation

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• United States Department of Justice

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc., and
• EUROPOL

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D. – Anthropologist, Scientist, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Author:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Authors:
• SCARS Editorial Team – Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.
• Portions from INTERPOL

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.

Author:
• Tim McGuinness, Ph.D., DFin, MCPO, MAnth – Anthropologist, Scientist, Polymath, Director of the Society of Citizens Against Relationship Scams Inc.